SQL Server Logical Query Processing summary

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Usually I found some questions on the forums about that topic. For instance:

1. "WHERE or HAVING?"
2. "Is the ON clause more efficient than the WHERE clause?"
3. "Why the field aliases cannot be used with the GROUP BY clause?"

These three questions are syntax oriented. Actually there are a lot of requests about subqueries, temporary objects, sort operations and so on. This kind of questions can be replied reading this…